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&lt;div style=&quot;mso&#45;element:para&#45;border&#45;div;border:none;border&#45;bottom:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; <br>mso&#45;border&#45;bottom&#45;alt:solid #AAAAAA .5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in&quot;&gt; <br> <br>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 12pt 0in 3pt; text&#45;align: justify; border: none; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font&#45;size:14.0pt;font&#45;family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans&#45;serif&amp;quot;; <br>mso&#45;ascii&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi;mso&#45;fareast&#45;font&#45;family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; <br>mso&#45;hansi&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi;mso&#45;bidi&#45;font&#45;family:Arial;mso&#45;bidi&#45;theme&#45;font: <br>minor&#45;bidi;color:red&quot;&gt;Description Of Stainless Steel&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; <br> <br>&lt;/div&gt; <br> <br>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text&#45;align:justify;line&#45;height:16.8pt;background: <br>#F9F9F9&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font&#45;size:9.0pt;font&#45;family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans&#45;serif&amp;quot;; <br>mso&#45;ascii&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi;mso&#45;fareast&#45;font&#45;family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; <br>mso&#45;hansi&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi;mso&#45;bidi&#45;font&#45;family:Arial;mso&#45;bidi&#45;theme&#45;font: <br>minor&#45;bidi&quot;&gt;Stainless steel is used for corrosion&#45;resistant tools Equipments <br>and Products such as Stud Bolts , Hex Bolts , Pipe , Flanges and Fittings.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; <br> <br>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6pt 0in; text&#45;align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font&#45;size: <br>9.0pt;font&#45;family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans&#45;serif&amp;quot;;mso&#45;ascii&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi; <br>mso&#45;fareast&#45;font&#45;family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso&#45;hansi&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi; <br>mso&#45;bidi&#45;font&#45;family:Arial;mso&#45;bidi&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi&quot;&gt;Stainless steel does <br>not readily&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Corrosion&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080&quot;&gt;corrode&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Rust&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080&quot;&gt;rust&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;or <br>stain with water as ordinary steel does. However, it is not fully stain&#45;proof <br>in low&#45;oxygen, high&#45;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Salinity&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080&quot;&gt;salinity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, or poor <br>air&#45;circulation environments. There are different grades and surface finishes <br>of stainless steel to suit the environment the alloy must endure. Stainless <br>steel is used where both the properties of steel and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Corrosion resistance&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration:none; <br>text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;corrosion resistance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;are required.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; <br> <br>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6pt 0in; text&#45;align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font&#45;size: <br>9.0pt;font&#45;family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans&#45;serif&amp;quot;;mso&#45;ascii&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi; <br>mso&#45;fareast&#45;font&#45;family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso&#45;hansi&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi; <br>mso&#45;bidi&#45;font&#45;family:Arial;mso&#45;bidi&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi&quot;&gt;Stainless steel <br>differs from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Carbon steel&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration:none; <br>text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;carbon steel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;by the amount of chromium <br>present. Unprotected carbon steel&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Rust&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080&quot;&gt;rusts&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;readily <br>when exposed to air and moisture. This&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Iron oxide&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration:none;text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;iron oxide&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;film <br>&#40;the rust&#41; is active and accelerates corrosion by forming more iron oxide; and, <br>because of the greater volume of the iron oxide, this tends to flake and fall <br>away. Stainless steels contain sufficient chromium to form a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Passivation &#40;chemistry&#41;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration: <br>none;text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;passive&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;film of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Chromium&#40;III&#41; oxide&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration:none; <br>text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;chromium oxide&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, which prevents further surface <br>corrosion by blocking oxygen diffusion to the steel surface and blocks <br>corrosion from spreading into the metal&#39;s internal structure. &amp;nbsp;Passivation occurs only if the proportion of <br>chromium is high enough and oxygen is present.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; <br> <br>&lt;div style=&quot;mso&#45;element:para&#45;border&#45;div;border:none;border&#45;bottom:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; <br>mso&#45;border&#45;bottom&#45;alt:solid #AAAAAA .5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in&quot;&gt; <br> <br>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 12pt 0in 3pt; text&#45;align: justify; border: none; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font&#45;size: 9pt; font&#45;family: Arial, sans&#45;serif;&quot;&gt;Properties&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; <br> <br>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 12pt 0in 3pt; text&#45;align: justify; border: none; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font&#45;size: 9pt; font&#45;family: Arial, sans&#45;serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; <br> <br>&lt;/div&gt; <br> <br>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.05in 0in 0.0001pt; text&#45;align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font&#45;size: 9pt; font&#45;family: Arial, sans&#45;serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; <br> <br>&lt;div style=&quot;mso&#45;element:para&#45;border&#45;div;border:none;border&#45;bottom:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; <br>mso&#45;border&#45;bottom&#45;alt:solid #AAAAAA .5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in&quot;&gt; <br> <br>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 12pt 0in 3pt; text&#45;align: justify; border: none; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font&#45;size:14.0pt;font&#45;family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans&#45;serif&amp;quot;; <br>mso&#45;ascii&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi;mso&#45;fareast&#45;font&#45;family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; <br>mso&#45;hansi&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi;mso&#45;bidi&#45;font&#45;family:Arial;mso&#45;bidi&#45;theme&#45;font: <br>minor&#45;bidi;color:red&quot;&gt;Oxidation&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; <br> <br>&lt;/div&gt; <br> <br>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6pt 0in; text&#45;align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font&#45;size: <br>9.0pt;font&#45;family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans&#45;serif&amp;quot;;mso&#45;ascii&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi; <br>mso&#45;fareast&#45;font&#45;family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso&#45;hansi&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi; <br>mso&#45;bidi&#45;font&#45;family:Arial;mso&#45;bidi&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi&quot;&gt;High oxidation <br>resistance in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Earth&#39;s atmosphere&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration:none; <br>text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;air&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;at ambient&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Temperature&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration:none;text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;temperature&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;is <br>normally achieved with additions of a minimum of 13&#37; &#40;by weight&#41;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Chromium&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration:none;text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;chromium&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, <br>and up to 26&#37; is used for harsh environments. The chromium forms a&amp;nbsp;Passivation&amp;nbsp;layer <br>of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Chromium&#40;III&#41; oxide&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration:none; <br>text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;chromium&#40;III&#41; oxide&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&#40;Cr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&#41; <br>when exposed to oxygen. The layer is too thin to be visible, and the metal <br>remains lustrous and smooth. The layer is impervious to&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Water&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080; <br>text&#45;decoration:none;text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;water&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and air, <br>protecting the metal beneath, and this layer quickly reforms when the surface <br>is scratched. This phenomenon is called&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Passivation &#40;chemistry&#41;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration: <br>none;text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;Passivation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and is seen in other <br>metals, such as&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Aluminium&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration:none;text&#45;underline: <br>none&quot;&gt;aluminium&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Titanium&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration:none;text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;titanium&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. <br>Corrosion resistance can be adversely affected if the component is used in a <br>non&#45;oxygenated environment, a typical example being underwater&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Keel&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080; <br>text&#45;decoration:none;text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;keel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;bolts buried <br>in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Timber&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration:none;text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;timber&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; <br> <br>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6pt 0in; text&#45;align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font&#45;size: <br>9.0pt;font&#45;family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans&#45;serif&amp;quot;;mso&#45;ascii&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi; <br>mso&#45;fareast&#45;font&#45;family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso&#45;hansi&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi; <br>mso&#45;bidi&#45;font&#45;family:Arial;mso&#45;bidi&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi&quot;&gt;When stainless steel <br>parts such as&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Nut &#40;hardware&#41;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration:none; <br>text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;nuts&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Screw&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration:none;text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;bolts&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;are <br>forced together, the oxide layer can be scraped off, allowing the parts <br>to&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Welding&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration:none;text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;weld&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; <br>together. When forcibly disassembled, the welded material may be torn and <br>pitted, an effect known as&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Galling&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration:none;text&#45;underline: <br>none&quot;&gt;galling&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. This destructive galling can be avoided by the use of <br>dissimilar materials for the parts forced together, for example bronze and <br>stainless steel, or even different types of stainless steels &#40;martensitic <br>against austenitic&#41;. However, two different alloys electrically connected in a <br>humid environment may act as a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Voltaic pile&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration:none;text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;voltaic pile&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and <br>corrode faster. Nitronic alloys made by selective alloying with manganese and <br>nitrogen may have a reduced tendency to gall. Additionally, threaded joints may <br>be&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Lubrication&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration:none;text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;lubricated&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;to <br>prevent galling. Low&#45;temperature&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Carburizing&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration:none;text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;carburizing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;is <br>another option that virtually eliminates galling and allows the use of similar <br>materials without the risk of corrosion and the need for lubrication.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; <br> <br>&lt;div style=&quot;mso&#45;element:para&#45;border&#45;div;border:none;border&#45;bottom:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; <br>mso&#45;border&#45;bottom&#45;alt:solid #AAAAAA .5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in&quot;&gt; <br> <br>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 12pt 0in 3pt; text&#45;align: justify; border: none; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font&#45;size:14.0pt;font&#45;family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans&#45;serif&amp;quot;; <br>mso&#45;ascii&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi;mso&#45;fareast&#45;font&#45;family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; <br>mso&#45;hansi&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi;mso&#45;bidi&#45;font&#45;family:Arial;mso&#45;bidi&#45;theme&#45;font: <br>minor&#45;bidi;color:red&quot;&gt;Acids&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; <br> <br>&lt;/div&gt; <br> <br>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6pt 0in; text&#45;align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font&#45;size: <br>9.0pt;font&#45;family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans&#45;serif&amp;quot;;mso&#45;ascii&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi; <br>mso&#45;fareast&#45;font&#45;family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso&#45;hansi&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi; <br>mso&#45;bidi&#45;font&#45;family:Arial;mso&#45;bidi&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi&quot;&gt;Stainless steel is <br>generally highly resistant to attack from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Acids&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080; <br>text&#45;decoration:none;text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;acids&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, but this quality <br>depends on the kind and concentration of the acid, the surrounding temperature, <br>and the type of steel. Type 904 is resistant to&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Sulfuric acid&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration:none;text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;sulfuric acid&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;at <br>room temperature, even in high concentrations; type 316 and 317 are resistant <br>below 10&#37;, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;SAE 304 stainless steel&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration: <br>none;text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;304&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;should not be used in the <br>presence of sulfuric acid at any concentration. All types of stainless steel <br>resist attack from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Phosphoric acid&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration:none; <br>text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;phosphoric acid&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, 316 and 317 more so than 304; <br>Types 304L and 430 have been successfully used with nitric.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Hydrochloric acid&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration:none;text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;Hydrochloric <br>acid&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;will damage any kind of stainless steel, and should be <br>avoided.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; <br> <br>&lt;div style=&quot;mso&#45;element:para&#45;border&#45;div;border:none;border&#45;bottom:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; <br>mso&#45;border&#45;bottom&#45;alt:solid #AAAAAA .5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in&quot;&gt; <br> <br>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 12pt 0in 3pt; text&#45;align: justify; border: none; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font&#45;size:14.0pt;font&#45;family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans&#45;serif&amp;quot;; <br>mso&#45;ascii&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi;mso&#45;fareast&#45;font&#45;family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; <br>mso&#45;hansi&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi;mso&#45;bidi&#45;font&#45;family:Arial;mso&#45;bidi&#45;theme&#45;font: <br>minor&#45;bidi;color:red&quot;&gt;Bases&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; <br> <br>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 12pt 0in 3pt; text&#45;align: justify; border: none; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font&#45;size:9.0pt;font&#45;family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans&#45;serif&amp;quot;; <br>mso&#45;ascii&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi;mso&#45;fareast&#45;font&#45;family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; <br>mso&#45;hansi&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi;mso&#45;bidi&#45;font&#45;family:Arial;mso&#45;bidi&#45;theme&#45;font: <br>minor&#45;bidi&quot;&gt;The 300 series of stainless steel grades is unaffected by any of <br>the weak bases such as&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Ammonium hydroxide&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration:none; <br>text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;ammonium hydroxide&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, even in high concentrations <br>and at high temperatures. The same grades of stainless exposed to stronger <br>bases such as&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Sodium hydroxide&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration:none; <br>text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;sodium hydroxide&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;at high concentrations <br>and high temperatures will likely experience some etching and cracking, <br>especially with solutions containing&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Chloride&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration:none;text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;chlorides&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;such <br>as&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Sodium hypochlorite&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration:none; <br>text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;sodium hypochlorite&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; <br> <br>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 12pt 0in 3pt; text&#45;align: justify; border: none; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font&#45;size:14.0pt;font&#45;family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans&#45;serif&amp;quot;; <br>mso&#45;ascii&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi;mso&#45;fareast&#45;font&#45;family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; <br>mso&#45;hansi&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi;mso&#45;bidi&#45;font&#45;family:Arial;mso&#45;bidi&#45;theme&#45;font: <br>minor&#45;bidi;color:red&quot;&gt;Organics&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; <br> <br>&lt;/div&gt; <br> <br>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6pt 0in; text&#45;align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font&#45;size: <br>9.0pt;font&#45;family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans&#45;serif&amp;quot;;mso&#45;ascii&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi; <br>mso&#45;fareast&#45;font&#45;family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso&#45;hansi&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi; <br>mso&#45;bidi&#45;font&#45;family:Arial;mso&#45;bidi&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi&quot;&gt;Types 316 and 317 <br>are both useful for storing and handling&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Acetic acid&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration:none;text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;acetic acid&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, <br>especially in solutions where it is combined with&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Formic acid&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration:none;text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;formic acid&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and <br>when aeration is not present &#40;oxygen helps protect stainless steel under such <br>conditions&#41;, though 317 provides the greatest level of resistance to corrosion. <br>Type 304 is also commonly used with formic acid though it will tend to discolor <br>the solution. All grades resist damage from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Aldehyde&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration:none;text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;aldehydes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Amine&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080; <br>text&#45;decoration:none;text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;amines&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, though in the <br>latter case grade 316 is preferable to 304;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Cellulose acetate&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration:none;text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;cellulose <br>acetate&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;will damage 304 unless the temperature is kept low. <br>Fats and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Fatty acid&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration:none;text&#45;underline: <br>none&quot;&gt;fatty acids&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;only affect grade 304 at temperatures above <br>150&amp;nbsp;°C &#40;302&amp;nbsp;°F&#41;, and grade 316 above 260&amp;nbsp;°C &#40;500&amp;nbsp;°F&#41;, while <br>317 is unaffected at all temperatures. Type 316L is required for processing <br>of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Urea&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration:none;text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;urea&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. <br>&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; <br> <br>&lt;div style=&quot;mso&#45;element:para&#45;border&#45;div;border:none;border&#45;bottom:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; <br>mso&#45;border&#45;bottom&#45;alt:solid #AAAAAA .5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in&quot;&gt; <br> <br>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 12pt 0in 3pt; text&#45;align: justify; border: none; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font&#45;size:14.0pt;font&#45;family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans&#45;serif&amp;quot;; <br>mso&#45;ascii&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi;mso&#45;fareast&#45;font&#45;family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; <br>mso&#45;hansi&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi;mso&#45;bidi&#45;font&#45;family:Arial;mso&#45;bidi&#45;theme&#45;font: <br>minor&#45;bidi;color:red&quot;&gt;Electricity and magnetism&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; <br> <br>&lt;/div&gt; <br> <br>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text&#45;align:justify;line&#45;height:16.8pt;background: <br>#F9F9F9&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font&#45;size:9.0pt;font&#45;family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans&#45;serif&amp;quot;; <br>mso&#45;ascii&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi;mso&#45;fareast&#45;font&#45;family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; <br>mso&#45;hansi&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi;mso&#45;bidi&#45;font&#45;family:Arial;mso&#45;bidi&#45;theme&#45;font: <br>minor&#45;bidi&quot;&gt;Poor selection of materials can cause&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Galvanic corrosion&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:windowtext;text&#45;decoration:none; <br>text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;galvanic corrosion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;to other metals in <br>contact with stainless steel, Like steel, stainless steel is a relatively poor <br>conductor of electricity, with lower&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Resistivity&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration:none;text&#45;underline: <br>none&quot;&gt;electrical conductivity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;than copper. Other metals in <br>contact with stainless steel in a damp environment may suffer&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Galvanic corrosion&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration:none; <br>text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;galvanic corrosion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. even though the stainless <br>metal may be unaffected.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; <br> <br>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6pt 0in; text&#45;align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font&#45;size: <br>9.0pt;font&#45;family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans&#45;serif&amp;quot;;mso&#45;ascii&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi; <br>mso&#45;fareast&#45;font&#45;family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso&#45;hansi&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi; <br>mso&#45;bidi&#45;font&#45;family:Arial;mso&#45;bidi&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Ferrite &#40;iron&#41;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration:none;text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;Ferritic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Martensitic stainless steel&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration: <br>none;text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;martensitic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;stainless steels <br>are&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Permeability &#40;electromagnetism&#41;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration: <br>none;text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;magnetic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Annealed&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Austenitic stainless steel&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration: <br>none;text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;austenitic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;stainless steels are&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Permeability &#40;electromagnetism&#41;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration: <br>none;text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;non&#45;magnetic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Work hardening&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration:none;text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;Work hardening&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;can <br>make austenitic stainless steels slightly magnetic.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; <br> <br>&lt;div style=&quot;mso&#45;element:para&#45;border&#45;div;border:none;border&#45;bottom:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; <br>mso&#45;border&#45;bottom&#45;alt:solid #AAAAAA .5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in&quot;&gt; <br> <br>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 12pt 0in 3pt; text&#45;align: justify; border: none; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font&#45;size:14.0pt;font&#45;family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans&#45;serif&amp;quot;; <br>mso&#45;ascii&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi;mso&#45;fareast&#45;font&#45;family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; <br>mso&#45;hansi&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi;mso&#45;bidi&#45;font&#45;family:Arial;mso&#45;bidi&#45;theme&#45;font: <br>minor&#45;bidi;color:red&quot;&gt;3D printing&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; <br> <br>&lt;/div&gt; <br> <br>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6pt 0in; text&#45;align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font&#45;size: <br>9.0pt;font&#45;family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans&#45;serif&amp;quot;;mso&#45;ascii&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi; <br>mso&#45;fareast&#45;font&#45;family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso&#45;hansi&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi; <br>mso&#45;bidi&#45;font&#45;family:Arial;mso&#45;bidi&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi&quot;&gt;Some&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;3D printing&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration:none;text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;3D printing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;providers <br>have developed proprietary stainless steel&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Sintering&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration:none;text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;sintering&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;blends <br>for use in rapid prototyping. One of the more popular stainless steel grades <br>used in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;3D printing&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration:none;text&#45;underline: <br>none&quot;&gt;3D printing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;would be 316L Stainless steel. Due to the <br>high temperature gradient and fast rate of solidification, stainless steel <br>manufactured via&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;3D printing&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration:none;text&#45;underline: <br>none&quot;&gt;3D printing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;tends to have more refined microstructures. <br>This in turn results in better mechanical properties. However, stainless steel <br>is not used as much as materials like Ti6Al4V in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;3D printing&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration:none;text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;3D printing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;industry. <br>This is because stainless steel manufactured via the traditional methods tends <br>to be more economically competitive.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; <br> <br>&lt;div style=&quot;mso&#45;element:para&#45;border&#45;div;border:none;border&#45;bottom:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; <br>mso&#45;border&#45;bottom&#45;alt:solid #AAAAAA .5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in&quot;&gt; <br> <br>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 12pt 0in 3pt; text&#45;align: justify; border: none; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font&#45;size:14.0pt;font&#45;family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans&#45;serif&amp;quot;; <br>mso&#45;ascii&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi;mso&#45;fareast&#45;font&#45;family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; <br>mso&#45;hansi&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi;mso&#45;bidi&#45;font&#45;family:Arial;mso&#45;bidi&#45;theme&#45;font: <br>minor&#45;bidi;color:red&quot;&gt;Types of&amp;nbsp; stainless <br>Steel&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; <br> <br>&lt;/div&gt; <br> <br>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin&#45;bottom: 0.0001pt; text&#45;align: justify; background: rgb&#40;249, 249, 249&#41;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font&#45;size:9.0pt; <br>font&#45;family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans&#45;serif&amp;quot;;mso&#45;ascii&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi;mso&#45;fareast&#45;font&#45;family: <br>&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso&#45;hansi&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi;mso&#45;bidi&#45;font&#45;family:Arial; <br>mso&#45;bidi&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; <br> <br>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6pt 0in; text&#45;align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font&#45;size: <br>9.0pt;font&#45;family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans&#45;serif&amp;quot;;mso&#45;ascii&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi; <br>mso&#45;fareast&#45;font&#45;family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso&#45;hansi&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi; <br>mso&#45;bidi&#45;font&#45;family:Arial;mso&#45;bidi&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi&quot;&gt;There are different <br>types of stainless steels: when&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Nickel&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration:none;text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;nickel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;is <br>added, for instance, the austenite structure of iron is stabilized. This <br>crystal structure makes such steels virtually non&#45;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Magnetic&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration:none;text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;magnetic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and <br>less&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Brittle&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration:none;text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;brittle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;at <br>low temperatures. For greater&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Hardness &#40;materials science&#41;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration: <br>none;text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;hardness&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and strength, more&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Carbon&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration:none;text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;carbon&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;is <br>added. With proper&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Heat treatment&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration:none; <br>text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;heat treatment&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, these steels are used for such <br>products as&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Razor blade steel&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration:none; <br>text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;razor blades&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, cutlery, and tools.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; <br> <br>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 6pt 0in; text&#45;align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font&#45;size: <br>9.0pt;font&#45;family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans&#45;serif&amp;quot;;mso&#45;ascii&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi; <br>mso&#45;fareast&#45;font&#45;family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso&#45;hansi&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi; <br>mso&#45;bidi&#45;font&#45;family:Arial;mso&#45;bidi&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi&quot;&gt;Significant quantities <br>of&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Manganese&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration:none;text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;manganese&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;have <br>been used in many stainless steel compositions. Manganese preserves an <br>austenitic structure in the steel, similar to nickel, but at a lower&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Cost&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080; <br>text&#45;decoration:none;text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;cost&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; <br> <br>&lt;div style=&quot;mso&#45;element:para&#45;border&#45;div;border:none;border&#45;bottom:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; <br>mso&#45;border&#45;bottom&#45;alt:solid #AAAAAA .5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in&quot;&gt; <br> <br>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 12pt 0in 3pt; text&#45;align: justify; border: none; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font&#45;size:14.0pt;font&#45;family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans&#45;serif&amp;quot;; <br>mso&#45;ascii&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi;mso&#45;fareast&#45;font&#45;family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; <br>mso&#45;hansi&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi;mso&#45;bidi&#45;font&#45;family:Arial;mso&#45;bidi&#45;theme&#45;font: <br>minor&#45;bidi;color:red&quot;&gt;Stainless steels are also classified by their&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Crystalline structure&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:red;text&#45;decoration:none; <br>text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;crystalline structure&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; <br> <br>&lt;/div&gt; <br> <br>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin&#45;bottom: 1.2pt; margin&#45;left: 19.2pt; text&#45;align: justify; text&#45;indent: &#45;0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!&#45;&#45;[if !supportLists]&#45;&#45;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font&#45;size:10.0pt;mso&#45;bidi&#45;font&#45;size:9.0pt;font&#45;family:Symbol;mso&#45;fareast&#45;font&#45;family: <br>Symbol;mso&#45;bidi&#45;font&#45;family:Symbol&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font&#45;stretch: normal; font&#45;size: 7pt; font&#45;family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; <br>&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!&#45;&#45;[endif]&#45;&#45;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font&#45;size: <br>9.0pt;font&#45;family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans&#45;serif&amp;quot;;mso&#45;ascii&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi; <br>mso&#45;fareast&#45;font&#45;family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso&#45;hansi&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi; <br>mso&#45;bidi&#45;font&#45;family:Arial;mso&#45;bidi&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Austenitic stainless steel&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration: <br>none;text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;Austenitic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font&#45;size:9.0pt;font&#45;family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans&#45;serif&amp;quot;;mso&#45;ascii&#45;theme&#45;font: <br>minor&#45;bidi;mso&#45;fareast&#45;font&#45;family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso&#45;hansi&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi; <br>mso&#45;bidi&#45;font&#45;family:Arial;mso&#45;bidi&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi&quot;&gt;, or 200 and 300 <br>series, stainless steels have an austenitic crystalline structure, which is <br>a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Face&#45;centered cubic&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration:none; <br>text&#45;underline:none&quot;&gt;face&#45;centered cubic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;crystal structure. <br>Austenite steels make up over 70&#37; of total stainless steel production. They <br>contain a maximum of 0.15&#37; carbon, a minimum of 16&#37; chromium and sufficient <br>nickel and/or manganese to retain an austenitic structure at all temperatures <br>from the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot; title=&quot;Cryogenic&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0B0080;text&#45;decoration:none;text&#45;underline: <br>none&quot;&gt;cryogenic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;region to the melting point of the alloy.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; <br> <br>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin&#45;bottom: 1.2pt; margin&#45;left: 19.2pt; text&#45;align: justify; text&#45;indent: &#45;0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!&#45;&#45;[if !supportLists]&#45;&#45;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font&#45;size:10.0pt;mso&#45;bidi&#45;font&#45;size:9.0pt;font&#45;family:Symbol;mso&#45;fareast&#45;font&#45;family: <br>Symbol;mso&#45;bidi&#45;font&#45;family:Symbol&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font&#45;stretch: normal; font&#45;size: 7pt; font&#45;family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; <br>&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!&#45;&#45;[endif]&#45;&#45;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font&#45;size: <br>9.0pt;font&#45;family:&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans&#45;serif&amp;quot;;mso&#45;ascii&#45;theme&#45;font:minor&#45;bidi; <br>mso&#45;fareast&#45;font&#45;family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso&#45;hansi&am