STAINLESS & DUPLEX STEEL FASTENERS
In stock
by AL JAZEERA BOLTS INDUSTRIES LLC
On Request
<div style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none;border-bottom:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; <br>mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #AAAAAA .5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in"> <br> <br><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0in 3pt; text-align: justify; border: none; padding: 0in;"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; <br>mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;; <br>mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font: <br>minor-bidi;color:red">Description Of Stainless Steel<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <br> <br></div> <br> <br><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:16.8pt;background: <br>#F9F9F9"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; <br>mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;; <br>mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font: <br>minor-bidi">Stainless steel is used for corrosion-resistant tools Equipments <br>and Products such as Stud Bolts , Hex Bolts , Pipe , Flanges and Fittings.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <br> <br><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: <br>9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-bidi; <br>mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-bidi; <br>mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi">Stainless steel does <br>not readily&nbsp;<a href=" title="Corrosion"><span style="color:#0B0080">corrode</span></a>,&nbsp;<a href=" title="Rust"><span style="color:#0B0080">rust</span></a>&nbsp;or <br>stain with water as ordinary steel does. However, it is not fully stain-proof <br>in low-oxygen, high-<a href=" title="Salinity"><span style="color:#0B0080">salinity</span></a>, or poor <br>air-circulation environments. There are different grades and surface finishes <br>of stainless steel to suit the environment the alloy must endure. Stainless <br>steel is used where both the properties of steel and&nbsp;<a href=" title="Corrosion resistance"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none; <br>text-underline:none">corrosion resistance</span></a>&nbsp;are required.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <br> <br><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: <br>9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-bidi; <br>mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-bidi; <br>mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi">Stainless steel <br>differs from&nbsp;<a href=" title="Carbon steel"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none; <br>text-underline:none">carbon steel</span></a>&nbsp;by the amount of chromium <br>present. Unprotected carbon steel&nbsp;<a href=" title="Rust"><span style="color:#0B0080">rusts</span></a>&nbsp;readily <br>when exposed to air and moisture. This&nbsp;<a href=" title="Iron oxide"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">iron oxide</span></a>&nbsp;film <br>(the rust) is active and accelerates corrosion by forming more iron oxide; and, <br>because of the greater volume of the iron oxide, this tends to flake and fall <br>away. Stainless steels contain sufficient chromium to form a&nbsp;<a href=" title="Passivation (chemistry)"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration: <br>none;text-underline:none">passive</span></a>&nbsp;film of&nbsp;<a href=" title="Chromium(III) oxide"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none; <br>text-underline:none">chromium oxide</span></a>, which prevents further surface <br>corrosion by blocking oxygen diffusion to the steel surface and blocks <br>corrosion from spreading into the metal's internal structure. &nbsp;Passivation occurs only if the proportion of <br>chromium is high enough and oxygen is present.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <br> <br><div style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none;border-bottom:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; <br>mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #AAAAAA .5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in"> <br> <br><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0in 3pt; text-align: justify; border: none; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Properties<o:p></o:p></span></p> <br> <br><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0in 3pt; text-align: justify; border: none; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">&nbsp;</span></p> <br> <br></div> <br> <br><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0.05in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">&nbsp;</span></b></p> <br> <br><div style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none;border-bottom:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; <br>mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #AAAAAA .5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in"> <br> <br><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0in 3pt; text-align: justify; border: none; padding: 0in;"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; <br>mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;; <br>mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font: <br>minor-bidi;color:red">Oxidation<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <br> <br></div> <br> <br><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: <br>9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-bidi; <br>mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-bidi; <br>mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi">High oxidation <br>resistance in&nbsp;<a href=" title="Earth's atmosphere"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none; <br>text-underline:none">air</span></a>&nbsp;at ambient&nbsp;<a href=" title="Temperature"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">temperature</span></a>&nbsp;is <br>normally achieved with additions of a minimum of 13% (by weight)&nbsp;<a href=" title="Chromium"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">chromium</span></a>, <br>and up to 26% is used for harsh environments. The chromium forms a&nbsp;Passivation&nbsp;layer <br>of&nbsp;<a href=" title="Chromium(III) oxide"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none; <br>text-underline:none">chromium(III) oxide</span></a>&nbsp;(Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) <br>when exposed to oxygen. The layer is too thin to be visible, and the metal <br>remains lustrous and smooth. The layer is impervious to&nbsp;<a href=" title="Water"><span style="color:#0B0080; <br>text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">water</span></a>&nbsp;and air, <br>protecting the metal beneath, and this layer quickly reforms when the surface <br>is scratched. This phenomenon is called&nbsp;<a href=" title="Passivation (chemistry)"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration: <br>none;text-underline:none">Passivation</span></a>&nbsp;and is seen in other <br>metals, such as&nbsp;<a href=" title="Aluminium"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline: <br>none">aluminium</span></a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=" title="Titanium"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">titanium</span></a>. <br>Corrosion resistance can be adversely affected if the component is used in a <br>non-oxygenated environment, a typical example being underwater&nbsp;<a href=" title="Keel"><span style="color:#0B0080; <br>text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">keel</span></a>&nbsp;bolts buried <br>in&nbsp;<a href=" title="Timber"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">timber</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <br> <br><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: <br>9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-bidi; <br>mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-bidi; <br>mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi">When stainless steel <br>parts such as&nbsp;<a href=" title="Nut (hardware)"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none; <br>text-underline:none">nuts</span></a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=" title="Screw"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">bolts</span></a>&nbsp;are <br>forced together, the oxide layer can be scraped off, allowing the parts <br>to&nbsp;<a href=" title="Welding"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">weld</span></a> <br>together. When forcibly disassembled, the welded material may be torn and <br>pitted, an effect known as&nbsp;<a href=" title="Galling"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline: <br>none">galling</span></a>. This destructive galling can be avoided by the use of <br>dissimilar materials for the parts forced together, for example bronze and <br>stainless steel, or even different types of stainless steels (martensitic <br>against austenitic). However, two different alloys electrically connected in a <br>humid environment may act as a&nbsp;<a href=" title="Voltaic pile"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">voltaic pile</span></a>&nbsp;and <br>corrode faster. Nitronic alloys made by selective alloying with manganese and <br>nitrogen may have a reduced tendency to gall. Additionally, threaded joints may <br>be&nbsp;<a href=" title="Lubrication"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">lubricated</span></a>&nbsp;to <br>prevent galling. Low-temperature&nbsp;<a href=" title="Carburizing"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">carburizing</span></a>&nbsp;is <br>another option that virtually eliminates galling and allows the use of similar <br>materials without the risk of corrosion and the need for lubrication.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <br> <br><div style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none;border-bottom:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; <br>mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #AAAAAA .5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in"> <br> <br><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0in 3pt; text-align: justify; border: none; padding: 0in;"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; <br>mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;; <br>mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font: <br>minor-bidi;color:red">Acids<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <br> <br></div> <br> <br><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: <br>9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-bidi; <br>mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-bidi; <br>mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi">Stainless steel is <br>generally highly resistant to attack from&nbsp;<a href=" title="Acids"><span style="color:#0B0080; <br>text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">acids</span></a>, but this quality <br>depends on the kind and concentration of the acid, the surrounding temperature, <br>and the type of steel. Type 904 is resistant to&nbsp;<a href=" title="Sulfuric acid"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">sulfuric acid</span></a>&nbsp;at <br>room temperature, even in high concentrations; type 316 and 317 are resistant <br>below 10%, and&nbsp;<a href=" title="SAE 304 stainless steel"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration: <br>none;text-underline:none">304</span></a>&nbsp;should not be used in the <br>presence of sulfuric acid at any concentration. All types of stainless steel <br>resist attack from&nbsp;<a href=" title="Phosphoric acid"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none; <br>text-underline:none">phosphoric acid</span></a>, 316 and 317 more so than 304; <br>Types 304L and 430 have been successfully used with nitric.&nbsp;<a href=" title="Hydrochloric acid"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">Hydrochloric <br>acid</span></a>&nbsp;will damage any kind of stainless steel, and should be <br>avoided.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <br> <br><div style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none;border-bottom:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; <br>mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #AAAAAA .5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in"> <br> <br><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0in 3pt; text-align: justify; border: none; padding: 0in;"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; <br>mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;; <br>mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font: <br>minor-bidi;color:red">Bases<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <br> <br><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0in 3pt; text-align: justify; border: none; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; <br>mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;; <br>mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font: <br>minor-bidi">The 300 series of stainless steel grades is unaffected by any of <br>the weak bases such as&nbsp;<a href=" title="Ammonium hydroxide"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none; <br>text-underline:none">ammonium hydroxide</span></a>, even in high concentrations <br>and at high temperatures. The same grades of stainless exposed to stronger <br>bases such as&nbsp;<a href=" title="Sodium hydroxide"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none; <br>text-underline:none">sodium hydroxide</span></a>&nbsp;at high concentrations <br>and high temperatures will likely experience some etching and cracking, <br>especially with solutions containing&nbsp;<a href=" title="Chloride"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">chlorides</span></a>&nbsp;such <br>as&nbsp;<a href=" title="Sodium hypochlorite"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none; <br>text-underline:none">sodium hypochlorite</span></a>. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <br> <br><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0in 3pt; text-align: justify; border: none; padding: 0in;"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; <br>mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;; <br>mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font: <br>minor-bidi;color:red">Organics<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <br> <br></div> <br> <br><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: <br>9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-bidi; <br>mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-bidi; <br>mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi">Types 316 and 317 <br>are both useful for storing and handling&nbsp;<a href=" title="Acetic acid"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">acetic acid</span></a>, <br>especially in solutions where it is combined with&nbsp;<a href=" title="Formic acid"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">formic acid</span></a>&nbsp;and <br>when aeration is not present (oxygen helps protect stainless steel under such <br>conditions), though 317 provides the greatest level of resistance to corrosion. <br>Type 304 is also commonly used with formic acid though it will tend to discolor <br>the solution. All grades resist damage from&nbsp;<a href=" title="Aldehyde"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">aldehydes</span></a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=" title="Amine"><span style="color:#0B0080; <br>text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">amines</span></a>, though in the <br>latter case grade 316 is preferable to 304;&nbsp;<a href=" title="Cellulose acetate"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">cellulose <br>acetate</span></a>&nbsp;will damage 304 unless the temperature is kept low. <br>Fats and&nbsp;<a href=" title="Fatty acid"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline: <br>none">fatty acids</span></a>&nbsp;only affect grade 304 at temperatures above <br>150&nbsp;°C (302&nbsp;°F), and grade 316 above 260&nbsp;°C (500&nbsp;°F), while <br>317 is unaffected at all temperatures. Type 316L is required for processing <br>of&nbsp;<a href=" title="Urea"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">urea</span></a>. <br><o:p></o:p></span></p> <br> <br><div style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none;border-bottom:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; <br>mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #AAAAAA .5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in"> <br> <br><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0in 3pt; text-align: justify; border: none; padding: 0in;"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; <br>mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;; <br>mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font: <br>minor-bidi;color:red">Electricity and magnetism<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <br> <br></div> <br> <br><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:16.8pt;background: <br>#F9F9F9"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; <br>mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;; <br>mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font: <br>minor-bidi">Poor selection of materials can cause&nbsp;<a href=" title="Galvanic corrosion"><span style="color:windowtext;text-decoration:none; <br>text-underline:none">galvanic corrosion</span></a>&nbsp;to other metals in <br>contact with stainless steel, Like steel, stainless steel is a relatively poor <br>conductor of electricity, with lower&nbsp;<a href=" title="Resistivity"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline: <br>none">electrical conductivity</span></a>&nbsp;than copper. Other metals in <br>contact with stainless steel in a damp environment may suffer&nbsp;<a href=" title="Galvanic corrosion"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none; <br>text-underline:none">galvanic corrosion</span></a>. even though the stainless <br>metal may be unaffected.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <br> <br><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: <br>9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-bidi; <br>mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-bidi; <br>mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi"><a href=" title="Ferrite (iron)"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">Ferritic</span></a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=" title="Martensitic stainless steel"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration: <br>none;text-underline:none">martensitic</span></a>&nbsp;stainless steels <br>are&nbsp;<a href=" title="Permeability (electromagnetism)"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration: <br>none;text-underline:none">magnetic</span></a>. Annealed&nbsp;<a href=" title="Austenitic stainless steel"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration: <br>none;text-underline:none">austenitic</span></a>&nbsp;stainless steels are&nbsp;<a href=" title="Permeability (electromagnetism)"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration: <br>none;text-underline:none">non-magnetic</span></a>.&nbsp;<a href=" title="Work hardening"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">Work hardening</span></a>&nbsp;can <br>make austenitic stainless steels slightly magnetic.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <br> <br><div style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none;border-bottom:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; <br>mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #AAAAAA .5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in"> <br> <br><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0in 3pt; text-align: justify; border: none; padding: 0in;"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; <br>mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;; <br>mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font: <br>minor-bidi;color:red">3D printing<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <br> <br></div> <br> <br><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: <br>9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-bidi; <br>mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-bidi; <br>mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi">Some&nbsp;<a href=" title="3D printing"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">3D printing</span></a>&nbsp;providers <br>have developed proprietary stainless steel&nbsp;<a href=" title="Sintering"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">sintering</span></a>&nbsp;blends <br>for use in rapid prototyping. One of the more popular stainless steel grades <br>used in&nbsp;<a href=" title="3D printing"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline: <br>none">3D printing</span></a>&nbsp;would be 316L Stainless steel. Due to the <br>high temperature gradient and fast rate of solidification, stainless steel <br>manufactured via&nbsp;<a href=" title="3D printing"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline: <br>none">3D printing</span></a>&nbsp;tends to have more refined microstructures. <br>This in turn results in better mechanical properties. However, stainless steel <br>is not used as much as materials like Ti6Al4V in the&nbsp;<a href=" title="3D printing"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">3D printing</span></a>&nbsp;industry. <br>This is because stainless steel manufactured via the traditional methods tends <br>to be more economically competitive.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <br> <br><div style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none;border-bottom:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; <br>mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #AAAAAA .5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in"> <br> <br><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0in 3pt; text-align: justify; border: none; padding: 0in;"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; <br>mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;; <br>mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font: <br>minor-bidi;color:red">Types of&nbsp; stainless <br>Steel<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <br> <br></div> <br> <br><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; background: rgb(249, 249, 249);"><span style="font-size:9.0pt; <br>font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family: <br>&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; <br>mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi">&nbsp;</span></p> <br> <br><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: <br>9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-bidi; <br>mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-bidi; <br>mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi">There are different <br>types of stainless steels: when&nbsp;<a href=" title="Nickel"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">nickel</span></a>&nbsp;is <br>added, for instance, the austenite structure of iron is stabilized. This <br>crystal structure makes such steels virtually non-<a href=" title="Magnetic"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">magnetic</span></a>&nbsp;and <br>less&nbsp;<a href=" title="Brittle"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">brittle</span></a>&nbsp;at <br>low temperatures. For greater&nbsp;<a href=" title="Hardness (materials science)"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration: <br>none;text-underline:none">hardness</span></a>&nbsp;and strength, more&nbsp;<a href=" title="Carbon"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">carbon</span></a>is <br>added. With proper&nbsp;<a href=" title="Heat treatment"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none; <br>text-underline:none">heat treatment</span></a>, these steels are used for such <br>products as&nbsp;<a href=" title="Razor blade steel"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none; <br>text-underline:none">razor blades</span></a>, cutlery, and tools.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <br> <br><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: <br>9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-bidi; <br>mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-bidi; <br>mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi">Significant quantities <br>of&nbsp;<a href=" title="Manganese"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">manganese</span></a>&nbsp;have <br>been used in many stainless steel compositions. Manganese preserves an <br>austenitic structure in the steel, similar to nickel, but at a lower&nbsp;<a href=" title="Cost"><span style="color:#0B0080; <br>text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">cost</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <br> <br><div style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none;border-bottom:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; <br>mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #AAAAAA .5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in"> <br> <br><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0in 3pt; text-align: justify; border: none; padding: 0in;"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; <br>mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;; <br>mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font: <br>minor-bidi;color:red">Stainless steels are also classified by their&nbsp;<a href=" title="Crystalline structure"><span style="color:red;text-decoration:none; <br>text-underline:none">crystalline structure</span></a>:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <br> <br></div> <br> <br><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 19.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family: <br>Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-size: <br>9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-bidi; <br>mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-bidi; <br>mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi"><a href=" title="Austenitic stainless steel"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration: <br>none;text-underline:none">Austenitic</span></a></span></i><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-ascii-theme-font: <br>minor-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-bidi; <br>mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi">, or 200 and 300 <br>series, stainless steels have an austenitic crystalline structure, which is <br>a&nbsp;<a href=" title="Face-centered cubic"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none; <br>text-underline:none">face-centered cubic</span></a>&nbsp;crystal structure. <br>Austenite steels make up over 70% of total stainless steel production. They <br>contain a maximum of 0.15% carbon, a minimum of 16% chromium and sufficient <br>nickel and/or manganese to retain an austenitic structure at all temperatures <br>from the&nbsp;<a href=" title="Cryogenic"><span style="color:#0B0080;text-decoration:none;text-underline: <br>none">cryogenic</span></a>&nbsp;region to the melting point of the alloy.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <br> <br><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 19.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family: <br>Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: <br>9.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-bidi; <br>mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi&am
Applications Of Stainless Steel
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